A high level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with a significantly lower risk of lung cancer, based on a retrospective analysis involving almost 50,000 patients.

Extending the duration of low-dose CT screening for lung cancer among current or former heavy smokers beyond 5 years further reduces risks of lung cancer and all-cause mortality,

Electronic or e-cigarettes are widely viewed as harmless alternatives to conventional cigarettes, because they deliver nicotine and other chemicals via vaporization of a flavored liquid rather than by combustion of tobacco leaves.